programming language
A vocabulary and set of grammatical rules for instructing a computer to perform specific tasks. The term programming language usually refers to high-level languages, such as BASIC, C, C++, COBOL, FORTRAN, Ada, and Pascal. Each language has a unique set of keywords (words that it understands) and a special syntax for organizing program instructions.
High-level programming languages, while simple compared to human languages, are more complex than the languages the computer actually understands, called machine languages. Each different type of CPU has its own unique machine language.
Lying between machine languages and high-level languages are languages called assembly languages. Assembly languages are similar to machine languages, but they are much easier to program in because they allow a programmer to substitute names for numbers. Machine languages consist of numbers only. Lying above high-level languages are languages called fourth-generation languages (usually abbreviated 4GL). 4GLs are far removed from machine languages and represent the class of computer languages closest to human languages.
of a procedure call.
structural programming is that it does not allow the use of the GOTO statement.
A vocabulary and set of grammatical rules for instructing a computer to perform specific tasks. The term programming language usually refers to high-level languages, such as BASIC, C, C++, COBOL, FORTRAN, Ada, and Pascal. Each language has a unique set of keywords (words that it understands) and a special syntax for organizing program instructions.
High-level programming languages, while simple compared to human languages, are more complex than the languages the computer actually understands, called machine languages. Each different type of CPU has its own unique machine language.
Lying between machine languages and high-level languages are languages called assembly languages. Assembly languages are similar to machine languages, but they are much easier to program in because they allow a programmer to substitute names for numbers. Machine languages consist of numbers only. Lying above high-level languages are languages called fourth-generation languages (usually abbreviated 4GL). 4GLs are far removed from machine languages and represent the class of computer languages closest to human languages.
Procedural Programming Languages
Procedural programming specifies a list of operations that the program must complete to
reach the desired state. This one of the simpler programming paradigms, where a
program is represented much like a cookbook recipe. Each program has a starting state, a
list of operations to complete, and an ending point. This approach is also known as
imperative programming. Integral to the idea of procedural programming is the concept
of a procedure call.
Structured Programming Languages
Structured programming is a special type of procedural programming. It provides
additional tools to manage the problems that larger programs were creating. Structured
programming requires that programmers break program structure into small pieces of
code that are easily understood. It also frowns upon the use of global variables and
instead uses variables local to each subroutine. One of the well known features of
structural programming is that it does not allow the use of the GOTO statement.
Object-Oriented Programming Languages
Object-oriented programming is one the newest and most powerful paradigms. In objectoriented
programs, the designer specifies both the data structures and the types of
operations that can be applied to those data structures. This pairing of a piece of data with
the operations that can be performed on it is known as an object.
A program thus becomes a collection of cooperating objects, rather than a list of instructions.
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